SpeciesKnotsGuides

Fish of South America

The Amazon, the Orinoco, the Paraná: the continent carries the world’s largest tropical rivers, and the richest freshwater fauna on the planet.

142 species documented

The Amazon basin alone holds more freshwater fish species than the entire Atlantic Ocean. That wealth comes from the sheer size of the network, the stability of the climate and above all the flood cycle: every year the river spreads into the forest for kilometres, opening a temporary larder where hundreds of species feed and breed.

That cycle governs the fishing far more than the calendar. On high water the fish scatter into the flooded forest and become hard to find; on falling water they concentrate in the channels and lagoons, and that is the season that produces.

The coasts offer a sharp contrast. The Pacific, cooled by the Humboldt Current, ranks among the most productive waters on earth, while the tropical Atlantic unrolls thousands of kilometres of beach and estuary.

Saltwater105

Freshwater37

Species list

NameScientific nameMax sizeBest months
African pompanoAlectis ciliaris150 cmYear-round
Aimara wolf fishHoplias aimara100 cmYear-round
AlbacoreThunnus alalunga140 cmMar–Sep
Almaco jackSeriola rivoliana160 cmMar–Aug
Amur carpCyprinus rubrofuscus28 cmMar–Nov
ArapaimaArapaima gigas450 cmJul–Mar
ArawanaOsteoglossum bicirrhosum90 cmYear-round
Atlantic bluefin tunaThunnus thynnus458 cmMay–Nov
Atlantic bonitoSarda sarda91.4 cmMar–Nov
Atlantic chub mackerelScomber colias55 cmMar–Nov
Atlantic goliath grouperEpinephelus itajara250 cmJun–Nov
Atlantic pomfretBrama brama100 cmSep–Feb
Atlantic sailfishIstiophorus albicans315 cmDec–Aug
Atlantic spadefishChaetodipterus faber90 cmMay–Sep
Atlantic Spanish mackerelScomberomorus maculatus91 cmMar–Nov
Atlantic tripletailLobotes surinamensis110 cmMay–Sep
Atlantic white marlinKajikia albida300 cmMar–Nov
Azul peacock bassCichla piquiti48 cmMay–Sep
Barred sorubimPseudoplatystoma fasciatum105 cmJun–Jan
Bigeye scadSelar crumenophthalmus70 cmYear-round
Bigeye trevallyCaranx sexfasciatus120 cmMar–Aug
Bigeye tunaThunnus obesus250 cmSep–Feb
Black drumPogonias cromis170 cmSep–May
Black grouperMycteroperca bonaci150 cmMar–Nov
Black jackCaranx lugubris100 cmMar–Nov
Black marlinIstiompax indica465 cmSep–Nov
Black snapperApsilus dentatus65 cmMar–Nov
Blackfin tunaThunnus atlanticus108 cmMar–Sep
Blacktip sharkCarcharhinus limbatus286 cmMar–Aug
Blue marlinMakaira nigricans500 cmMar–Nov
Blue sharkPrionace glauca400 cmJun–Nov
Bluefin trevallyCaranx melampygus117 cmYear-round
BluefishPomatomus saltatrix130 cmMar–Nov
BonefishAlbula vulpes104 cmMar–Nov
Brook troutSalvelinus fontinalis60 cmMar–Nov
Bull sharkCarcharhinus leucas360 cmMar–Nov
Bullet tunaAuxis rochei50 cmMar–Nov
Butterfly peacock bassCichla ocellaris74 cmYear-round
Cero mackerelScomberomorus regalis183 cmDec–Feb
Chub mackerelScomber japonicus64 cmMar–Nov
CobiaRachycentron canadum200 cmMar–Nov
Common carpCyprinus carpio129 cmJul–Sep
Common dolphinfishCoryphaena hippurus210 cmMar–Nov
Common snookCentropomus undecimalis140 cmMay–Sep
Coney grouperCephalopholis fulva44 cmMar–Nov
Cottonmouth jackUraspis secunda50 cmYear-round
Crevalle jackCaranx hippos124 cmMar–Aug
Cubera snapperLutjanus cyanopterus160 cmMar–Nov
Dog snapperLutjanus jocu128 cmMar–Nov
Dusky grouperEpinephelus marginatus150 cmMar–Nov
Dusky sharkCarcharhinus obscurus420 cmMar–Nov
Eastern Pacific bonitoSarda chiliensis102 cmMar–Nov
Flathead grey mulletMugil cephalus100 cmMar–Nov
Florida pompanoTrachinotus carolinus64 cmMar–Nov
Frigate tunaAuxis thazard65 cmYear-round
Gag grouperMycteroperca microlepis145 cmMar–Nov
Gilded catfish (Dourada)Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii192 cmDec–May
Golden DoradoSalminus brasiliensis100 cmSep–Apr
GoldfishCarassius auratus48 cmApr–Oct
Grass carpCtenopharyngodon idella150 cmMar–Nov
GraysbyCephalopholis cruentata42.6 cmMar–Nov
Great barracudaSphyraena barracuda200 cmYear-round
Great hammerheadSphyrna mokarran610 cmMar–Aug
Great white sharkCarcharodon carcharias640 cmJun–Nov
Greater amberjackSeriola dumerili190 cmMar–Nov
Grey snapperLutjanus griseus89 cmMar–Nov
Indo-Pacific sailfishIstiophorus platypterus348 cmYear-round
Jari peacock bassCichla jariina34 cmJul–Dec
King mackerelScomberomorus cavalla184 cmYear-round
KumakumaBrachyplatystoma filamentosum360 cmApr–Nov
LadyfishElops saurus100 cmMar–May, Sep–Nov
Lane snapperLutjanus synagris60 cmMar–Aug
LeatherjacketOligoplites saurus35 cmMar–Aug
Little tunnyEuthynnus alletteratus122 cmYear-round
Longbill spearfishTetrapturus pfluegeri254 cmMar–Nov
Longfin makoIsurus paucus427 cmMar–Aug
LookdownSelene vomer48.3 cmMar–Nov
Mackerel scadDecapterus macarellus46 cmYear-round
Mirror carpCyprinus carpio (forme miroir)129 cmYear-round
Monoculus peacock bassCichla monoculus70 cmJul–Jan
Mottled grouperMycteroperca rubra144 cmApr–Oct
Mozambique tilapiaOreochromis mossambicus39 cmYear-round
Mutton snapperLutjanus analis94 cmMar–Nov
Nile tilapiaOreochromis niloticus60 cmYear-round
North African catfishClarias gariepinus170 cmYear-round
Northern red snapperLutjanus campechanus100 cmMar–Aug
OilfishRuvettus pretiosus300 cmJun–Nov
OpahLampris guttatus101 cmMar–May, Sep–Nov
Orinoco peacock bassCichla orinocensis61.7 cmJul–Nov
Pacific sierraScomberomorus sierra99 cmOct–Mar
Paraná pacuPiaractus mesopotamicus80 cmNov–Mar
PermitTrachinotus falcatus122 cmMar–Nov
Pike characinAcestrorhynchus falcatus30 cmYear-round
Piked dogfishSqualus acanthias160 cmSep–May
PilotfishNaucrates ductor70 cmJun–Nov
Pinima peacock bassCichla pinima52 cmMay–Sep
PompanoTrachinotus ovatus70 cmMar–Nov
Pompano dolphinfishCoryphaena equiselis146 cmMar–Aug
PorbeagleLamna nasus350 cmMar–Nov
Rainbow parrotfishScarus guacamaia120 cmYear-round
Rainbow runnerElagatis bipinnulata180 cmMar–Aug
Rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss123 cmMar–Nov
Red grouperEpinephelus morio125 cmMar–May, Sep–Nov
Red hindEpinephelus guttatus76 cmMar–Nov
Red porgyPagrus pagrus91 cmYear-round
Redbelly tilapiaCoptodon zillii40 cmYear-round
Redbreast tilapiaCoptodon rendalli45 cmYear-round
Redtail catfishPhractocephalus hemioliopterus135 cmJun–Jan
RoosterfishNematistius pectoralis163 cmMay–Nov
Roundscale spearfishTetrapturus georgii184 cmMar–Nov
Royal peacock bassCichla intermedia55 cmJul–Nov
Sandbar sharkCarcharhinus plumbeus300 cmMar–Nov
Scalloped hammerheadSphyrna lewini430 cmJun–Nov
SheepsheadArchosargus probatocephalus91 cmDec–May
Shortbill spearfishTetrapturus angustirostris230 cmMar–Aug
Shortfin makoIsurus oxyrinchus445 cmMar–Nov
Silky sharkCarcharhinus falciformis350 cmJun–Nov
Skipjack tunaKatsuwonus pelamis110 cmMar–Nov
Slender tunaAllothunnus fallai105 cmSep–May
Smooth hammerheadSphyrna zygaena500 cmMar–Nov
Speckled peacock bassCichla temensis99 cmJun
Spotted pike-characinBoulengerella maculata31.9 cmJul–Jan
Spotted SorubimPseudoplatystoma corruscans182 cmMay–Sep
Stoplight parrotfishSparisoma viride64 cmYear-round
Striped bonitoSarda orientalis102 cmMar–May, Sep–Nov
Striped catfishPangasianodon hypophthalmus130 cmNov–Apr
Striped marlinKajikia audax420 cmMar–Nov
SwordfishXiphias gladius455 cmMar–Nov
Tambaqui (black pacu)Colossoma macropomum110 cmDec–May
TarponMegalops atlanticus250 cmMar–Nov
Tiger sharkGaleocerdo cuvier750 cmJun–Nov
Tope sharkGaleorhinus galeus193 cmMar–Nov
TrahiraHoplias malabaricus65 cmYear-round
WahooAcanthocybium solandri250 cmMar–Aug
White mulletMugil curema91 cmYear-round
White trevallyPseudocaranx dentex122 cmYear-round
WreckfishPolyprion americanus210 cmMar–Nov
Xingu peacock bassCichla melaniae36 cmMay–Sep
Yellow peacock bassCichla kelberi58.5 cmMay–Dec
Yellowfin tunaThunnus albacares239 cmJun–Aug
Yellowtail amberjackSeriola lalandi250 cmMar–Aug
Yellowtail snapperOcyurus chrysurus86 cmMar–Nov