Fish of South America
The Amazon, the Orinoco, the Paraná: the continent carries the world’s largest tropical rivers, and the richest freshwater fauna on the planet.
142 species documented
The Amazon basin alone holds more freshwater fish species than the entire Atlantic Ocean. That wealth comes from the sheer size of the network, the stability of the climate and above all the flood cycle: every year the river spreads into the forest for kilometres, opening a temporary larder where hundreds of species feed and breed.
That cycle governs the fishing far more than the calendar. On high water the fish scatter into the flooded forest and become hard to find; on falling water they concentrate in the channels and lagoons, and that is the season that produces.
The coasts offer a sharp contrast. The Pacific, cooled by the Humboldt Current, ranks among the most productive waters on earth, while the tropical Atlantic unrolls thousands of kilometres of beach and estuary.
Saltwater105

African pompano
Alectis ciliaris
Coastal· 150 cm

Albacore
Thunnus alalunga
Big pelagics· 140 cm

Almaco jack
Seriola rivoliana
Coastal· 160 cm

Atlantic bluefin tuna
Thunnus thynnus
Big pelagics· 458 cm

Atlantic bonito
Sarda sarda
Big pelagics· 91.4 cm

Atlantic chub mackerel
Scomber colias
Big pelagics· 55 cm

Atlantic goliath grouper
Epinephelus itajara
Coastal· 250 cm

Atlantic pomfret
Brama brama
Big pelagics· 100 cm

Atlantic sailfish
Istiophorus albicans
Coastal· 315 cm

Atlantic spadefish
Chaetodipterus faber
Coastal· 90 cm

Atlantic Spanish mackerel
Scomberomorus maculatus
Big pelagics· 91 cm

Atlantic tripletail
Lobotes surinamensis
Coastal· 110 cm

Atlantic white marlin
Kajikia albida
Big pelagics· 300 cm

Bigeye scad
Selar crumenophthalmus
Coastal· 70 cm

Bigeye trevally
Caranx sexfasciatus
Coastal· 120 cm

Bigeye tuna
Thunnus obesus
Big pelagics· 250 cm

Black drum
Pogonias cromis
Coastal· 170 cm

Black grouper
Mycteroperca bonaci
Coastal· 150 cm

Black jack
Caranx lugubris
Coastal· 100 cm

Black marlin
Istiompax indica
Coastal· 465 cm

Black snapper
Apsilus dentatus
Coastal· 65 cm

Blackfin tuna
Thunnus atlanticus
Big pelagics· 108 cm

Blacktip shark
Carcharhinus limbatus
Sharks & rays· 286 cm

Blue marlin
Makaira nigricans
Coastal· 500 cm

Blue shark
Prionace glauca
Sharks & rays· 400 cm

Bluefin trevally
Caranx melampygus
Coastal· 117 cm

Bluefish
Pomatomus saltatrix
Coastal· 130 cm

Bonefish
Albula vulpes
Migratory· 104 cm

Bull shark
Carcharhinus leucas
Sharks & rays· 360 cm

Bullet tuna
Auxis rochei
Big pelagics· 50 cm

Cero mackerel
Scomberomorus regalis
Big pelagics· 183 cm

Chub mackerel
Scomber japonicus
Big pelagics· 64 cm

Cobia
Rachycentron canadum
Coastal· 200 cm

Common dolphinfish
Coryphaena hippurus
Big pelagics· 210 cm

Common snook
Centropomus undecimalis
Coastal· 140 cm

Coney grouper
Cephalopholis fulva
Coastal· 44 cm

Cottonmouth jack
Uraspis secunda
Coastal· 50 cm

Crevalle jack
Caranx hippos
Coastal· 124 cm

Cubera snapper
Lutjanus cyanopterus
Coastal· 160 cm

Dog snapper
Lutjanus jocu
Coastal· 128 cm

Dusky grouper
Epinephelus marginatus
Coastal· 150 cm

Dusky shark
Carcharhinus obscurus
Sharks & rays· 420 cm

Eastern Pacific bonito
Sarda chiliensis
Big pelagics· 102 cm

Flathead grey mullet
Mugil cephalus
Coastal· 100 cm

Florida pompano
Trachinotus carolinus
Coastal· 64 cm

Frigate tuna
Auxis thazard
Big pelagics· 65 cm

Gag grouper
Mycteroperca microlepis
Coastal· 145 cm

Graysby
Cephalopholis cruentata
Coastal· 42.6 cm

Great barracuda
Sphyraena barracuda
Coastal· 200 cm

Great hammerhead
Sphyrna mokarran
Sharks & rays· 610 cm

Great white shark
Carcharodon carcharias
Sharks & rays· 640 cm

Greater amberjack
Seriola dumerili
Coastal· 190 cm

Grey snapper
Lutjanus griseus
Coastal· 89 cm

Indo-Pacific sailfish
Istiophorus platypterus
Coastal· 348 cm

King mackerel
Scomberomorus cavalla
Big pelagics· 184 cm

Ladyfish
Elops saurus
Migratory· 100 cm

Lane snapper
Lutjanus synagris
Coastal· 60 cm

Leatherjacket
Oligoplites saurus
Coastal· 35 cm

Little tunny
Euthynnus alletteratus
Big pelagics· 122 cm

Longbill spearfish
Tetrapturus pfluegeri
Big pelagics· 254 cm

Longfin mako
Isurus paucus
Sharks & rays· 427 cm

Lookdown
Selene vomer
Coastal· 48.3 cm

Mackerel scad
Decapterus macarellus
Coastal· 46 cm

Mottled grouper
Mycteroperca rubra
Coastal· 144 cm

Mutton snapper
Lutjanus analis
Coastal· 94 cm

Northern red snapper
Lutjanus campechanus
Coastal· 100 cm

Oilfish
Ruvettus pretiosus
Big pelagics· 300 cm

Opah
Lampris guttatus
Big pelagics· 101 cm

Pacific sierra
Scomberomorus sierra
Big pelagics· 99 cm

Permit
Trachinotus falcatus
Coastal· 122 cm

Piked dogfish
Squalus acanthias
Sharks & rays· 160 cm

Pilotfish
Naucrates ductor
Coastal· 70 cm

Pompano
Trachinotus ovatus
Coastal· 70 cm

Pompano dolphinfish
Coryphaena equiselis
Coastal· 146 cm

Porbeagle
Lamna nasus
Sharks & rays· 350 cm

Rainbow parrotfish
Scarus guacamaia
Coastal· 120 cm

Rainbow runner
Elagatis bipinnulata
Coastal· 180 cm

Red grouper
Epinephelus morio
Coastal· 125 cm

Red hind
Epinephelus guttatus
Coastal· 76 cm

Red porgy
Pagrus pagrus
Coastal· 91 cm

Roosterfish
Nematistius pectoralis
Coastal· 163 cm

Roundscale spearfish
Tetrapturus georgii
Big pelagics· 184 cm

Sandbar shark
Carcharhinus plumbeus
Sharks & rays· 300 cm

Scalloped hammerhead
Sphyrna lewini
Sharks & rays· 430 cm

Sheepshead
Archosargus probatocephalus
Coastal· 91 cm

Shortbill spearfish
Tetrapturus angustirostris
Coastal· 230 cm

Shortfin mako
Isurus oxyrinchus
Sharks & rays· 445 cm

Silky shark
Carcharhinus falciformis
Sharks & rays· 350 cm

Skipjack tuna
Katsuwonus pelamis
Big pelagics· 110 cm

Slender tuna
Allothunnus fallai
Big pelagics· 105 cm

Smooth hammerhead
Sphyrna zygaena
Sharks & rays· 500 cm

Stoplight parrotfish
Sparisoma viride
Coastal· 64 cm

Striped bonito
Sarda orientalis
Big pelagics· 102 cm

Striped marlin
Kajikia audax
Coastal· 420 cm

Swordfish
Xiphias gladius
Big pelagics· 455 cm

Tarpon
Megalops atlanticus
Migratory· 250 cm

Tiger shark
Galeocerdo cuvier
Sharks & rays· 750 cm

Tope shark
Galeorhinus galeus
Sharks & rays· 193 cm

Wahoo
Acanthocybium solandri
Big pelagics· 250 cm

White mullet
Mugil curema
Coastal· 91 cm

White trevally
Pseudocaranx dentex
Coastal· 122 cm

Wreckfish
Polyprion americanus
Coastal· 210 cm

Yellowfin tuna
Thunnus albacares
Big pelagics· 239 cm

Yellowtail amberjack
Seriola lalandi
Coastal· 250 cm

Yellowtail snapper
Ocyurus chrysurus
Coastal· 86 cm
Freshwater37

Aimara wolf fish
Hoplias aimara
Predators· 100 cm

Amur carp
Cyprinus rubrofuscus
Carp & coarse· 28 cm

Arapaima
Arapaima gigas
Predators· 450 cm

Arawana
Osteoglossum bicirrhosum
Predators· 90 cm

Azul peacock bass
Cichla piquiti
Predators· 48 cm

Barred sorubim
Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum
Catfish· 105 cm

Brook trout
Salvelinus fontinalis
Salmonids· 60 cm

Butterfly peacock bass
Cichla ocellaris
Predators· 74 cm

Common carp
Cyprinus carpio
Carp & coarse· 129 cm

Gilded catfish (Dourada)
Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii
Catfish· 192 cm

Golden Dorado
Salminus brasiliensis
Predators· 100 cm

Goldfish
Carassius auratus
Carp & coarse· 48 cm

Grass carp
Ctenopharyngodon idella
Carp & coarse· 150 cm

Jari peacock bass
Cichla jariina
Predators· 34 cm

Kumakuma
Brachyplatystoma filamentosum
Catfish· 360 cm

Mirror carp
Cyprinus carpio (forme miroir)
Carp & coarse· 129 cm

Monoculus peacock bass
Cichla monoculus
Predators· 70 cm

Mozambique tilapia
Oreochromis mossambicus
Other· 39 cm

Nile tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus
Other· 60 cm

North African catfish
Clarias gariepinus
Catfish· 170 cm

Orinoco peacock bass
Cichla orinocensis
Predators· 61.7 cm

Paraná pacu
Piaractus mesopotamicus
Carp & coarse· 80 cm

Pike characin
Acestrorhynchus falcatus
Predators· 30 cm

Pinima peacock bass
Cichla pinima
Predators· 52 cm

Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Salmonids· 123 cm

Redbelly tilapia
Coptodon zillii
Other· 40 cm

Redbreast tilapia
Coptodon rendalli
Other· 45 cm

Redtail catfish
Phractocephalus hemioliopterus
Catfish· 135 cm

Royal peacock bass
Cichla intermedia
Predators· 55 cm

Speckled peacock bass
Cichla temensis
Predators· 99 cm

Spotted pike-characin
Boulengerella maculata
Predators· 31.9 cm

Spotted Sorubim
Pseudoplatystoma corruscans
Catfish· 182 cm

Striped catfish
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
Catfish· 130 cm

Tambaqui (black pacu)
Colossoma macropomum
Migratory· 110 cm

Trahira
Hoplias malabaricus
Predators· 65 cm

Xingu peacock bass
Cichla melaniae
Predators· 36 cm

Yellow peacock bass
Cichla kelberi
Predators· 58.5 cm
Species list
| Name | Scientific name | Max size | Best months |
|---|---|---|---|
| African pompano | Alectis ciliaris | 150 cm | Year-round |
| Aimara wolf fish | Hoplias aimara | 100 cm | Year-round |
| Albacore | Thunnus alalunga | 140 cm | Mar–Sep |
| Almaco jack | Seriola rivoliana | 160 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Amur carp | Cyprinus rubrofuscus | 28 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Arapaima | Arapaima gigas | 450 cm | Jul–Mar |
| Arawana | Osteoglossum bicirrhosum | 90 cm | Year-round |
| Atlantic bluefin tuna | Thunnus thynnus | 458 cm | May–Nov |
| Atlantic bonito | Sarda sarda | 91.4 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Atlantic chub mackerel | Scomber colias | 55 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Atlantic goliath grouper | Epinephelus itajara | 250 cm | Jun–Nov |
| Atlantic pomfret | Brama brama | 100 cm | Sep–Feb |
| Atlantic sailfish | Istiophorus albicans | 315 cm | Dec–Aug |
| Atlantic spadefish | Chaetodipterus faber | 90 cm | May–Sep |
| Atlantic Spanish mackerel | Scomberomorus maculatus | 91 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Atlantic tripletail | Lobotes surinamensis | 110 cm | May–Sep |
| Atlantic white marlin | Kajikia albida | 300 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Azul peacock bass | Cichla piquiti | 48 cm | May–Sep |
| Barred sorubim | Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum | 105 cm | Jun–Jan |
| Bigeye scad | Selar crumenophthalmus | 70 cm | Year-round |
| Bigeye trevally | Caranx sexfasciatus | 120 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Bigeye tuna | Thunnus obesus | 250 cm | Sep–Feb |
| Black drum | Pogonias cromis | 170 cm | Sep–May |
| Black grouper | Mycteroperca bonaci | 150 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Black jack | Caranx lugubris | 100 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Black marlin | Istiompax indica | 465 cm | Sep–Nov |
| Black snapper | Apsilus dentatus | 65 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Blackfin tuna | Thunnus atlanticus | 108 cm | Mar–Sep |
| Blacktip shark | Carcharhinus limbatus | 286 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Blue marlin | Makaira nigricans | 500 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Blue shark | Prionace glauca | 400 cm | Jun–Nov |
| Bluefin trevally | Caranx melampygus | 117 cm | Year-round |
| Bluefish | Pomatomus saltatrix | 130 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Bonefish | Albula vulpes | 104 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Brook trout | Salvelinus fontinalis | 60 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Bull shark | Carcharhinus leucas | 360 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Bullet tuna | Auxis rochei | 50 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Butterfly peacock bass | Cichla ocellaris | 74 cm | Year-round |
| Cero mackerel | Scomberomorus regalis | 183 cm | Dec–Feb |
| Chub mackerel | Scomber japonicus | 64 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Cobia | Rachycentron canadum | 200 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Common carp | Cyprinus carpio | 129 cm | Jul–Sep |
| Common dolphinfish | Coryphaena hippurus | 210 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Common snook | Centropomus undecimalis | 140 cm | May–Sep |
| Coney grouper | Cephalopholis fulva | 44 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Cottonmouth jack | Uraspis secunda | 50 cm | Year-round |
| Crevalle jack | Caranx hippos | 124 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Cubera snapper | Lutjanus cyanopterus | 160 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Dog snapper | Lutjanus jocu | 128 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Dusky grouper | Epinephelus marginatus | 150 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Dusky shark | Carcharhinus obscurus | 420 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Eastern Pacific bonito | Sarda chiliensis | 102 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Flathead grey mullet | Mugil cephalus | 100 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Florida pompano | Trachinotus carolinus | 64 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Frigate tuna | Auxis thazard | 65 cm | Year-round |
| Gag grouper | Mycteroperca microlepis | 145 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Gilded catfish (Dourada) | Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii | 192 cm | Dec–May |
| Golden Dorado | Salminus brasiliensis | 100 cm | Sep–Apr |
| Goldfish | Carassius auratus | 48 cm | Apr–Oct |
| Grass carp | Ctenopharyngodon idella | 150 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Graysby | Cephalopholis cruentata | 42.6 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Great barracuda | Sphyraena barracuda | 200 cm | Year-round |
| Great hammerhead | Sphyrna mokarran | 610 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Great white shark | Carcharodon carcharias | 640 cm | Jun–Nov |
| Greater amberjack | Seriola dumerili | 190 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Grey snapper | Lutjanus griseus | 89 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Indo-Pacific sailfish | Istiophorus platypterus | 348 cm | Year-round |
| Jari peacock bass | Cichla jariina | 34 cm | Jul–Dec |
| King mackerel | Scomberomorus cavalla | 184 cm | Year-round |
| Kumakuma | Brachyplatystoma filamentosum | 360 cm | Apr–Nov |
| Ladyfish | Elops saurus | 100 cm | Mar–May, Sep–Nov |
| Lane snapper | Lutjanus synagris | 60 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Leatherjacket | Oligoplites saurus | 35 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Little tunny | Euthynnus alletteratus | 122 cm | Year-round |
| Longbill spearfish | Tetrapturus pfluegeri | 254 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Longfin mako | Isurus paucus | 427 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Lookdown | Selene vomer | 48.3 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Mackerel scad | Decapterus macarellus | 46 cm | Year-round |
| Mirror carp | Cyprinus carpio (forme miroir) | 129 cm | Year-round |
| Monoculus peacock bass | Cichla monoculus | 70 cm | Jul–Jan |
| Mottled grouper | Mycteroperca rubra | 144 cm | Apr–Oct |
| Mozambique tilapia | Oreochromis mossambicus | 39 cm | Year-round |
| Mutton snapper | Lutjanus analis | 94 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Nile tilapia | Oreochromis niloticus | 60 cm | Year-round |
| North African catfish | Clarias gariepinus | 170 cm | Year-round |
| Northern red snapper | Lutjanus campechanus | 100 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Oilfish | Ruvettus pretiosus | 300 cm | Jun–Nov |
| Opah | Lampris guttatus | 101 cm | Mar–May, Sep–Nov |
| Orinoco peacock bass | Cichla orinocensis | 61.7 cm | Jul–Nov |
| Pacific sierra | Scomberomorus sierra | 99 cm | Oct–Mar |
| Paraná pacu | Piaractus mesopotamicus | 80 cm | Nov–Mar |
| Permit | Trachinotus falcatus | 122 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Pike characin | Acestrorhynchus falcatus | 30 cm | Year-round |
| Piked dogfish | Squalus acanthias | 160 cm | Sep–May |
| Pilotfish | Naucrates ductor | 70 cm | Jun–Nov |
| Pinima peacock bass | Cichla pinima | 52 cm | May–Sep |
| Pompano | Trachinotus ovatus | 70 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Pompano dolphinfish | Coryphaena equiselis | 146 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Porbeagle | Lamna nasus | 350 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Rainbow parrotfish | Scarus guacamaia | 120 cm | Year-round |
| Rainbow runner | Elagatis bipinnulata | 180 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Rainbow trout | Oncorhynchus mykiss | 123 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Red grouper | Epinephelus morio | 125 cm | Mar–May, Sep–Nov |
| Red hind | Epinephelus guttatus | 76 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Red porgy | Pagrus pagrus | 91 cm | Year-round |
| Redbelly tilapia | Coptodon zillii | 40 cm | Year-round |
| Redbreast tilapia | Coptodon rendalli | 45 cm | Year-round |
| Redtail catfish | Phractocephalus hemioliopterus | 135 cm | Jun–Jan |
| Roosterfish | Nematistius pectoralis | 163 cm | May–Nov |
| Roundscale spearfish | Tetrapturus georgii | 184 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Royal peacock bass | Cichla intermedia | 55 cm | Jul–Nov |
| Sandbar shark | Carcharhinus plumbeus | 300 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Scalloped hammerhead | Sphyrna lewini | 430 cm | Jun–Nov |
| Sheepshead | Archosargus probatocephalus | 91 cm | Dec–May |
| Shortbill spearfish | Tetrapturus angustirostris | 230 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Shortfin mako | Isurus oxyrinchus | 445 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Silky shark | Carcharhinus falciformis | 350 cm | Jun–Nov |
| Skipjack tuna | Katsuwonus pelamis | 110 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Slender tuna | Allothunnus fallai | 105 cm | Sep–May |
| Smooth hammerhead | Sphyrna zygaena | 500 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Speckled peacock bass | Cichla temensis | 99 cm | Jun |
| Spotted pike-characin | Boulengerella maculata | 31.9 cm | Jul–Jan |
| Spotted Sorubim | Pseudoplatystoma corruscans | 182 cm | May–Sep |
| Stoplight parrotfish | Sparisoma viride | 64 cm | Year-round |
| Striped bonito | Sarda orientalis | 102 cm | Mar–May, Sep–Nov |
| Striped catfish | Pangasianodon hypophthalmus | 130 cm | Nov–Apr |
| Striped marlin | Kajikia audax | 420 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Swordfish | Xiphias gladius | 455 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Tambaqui (black pacu) | Colossoma macropomum | 110 cm | Dec–May |
| Tarpon | Megalops atlanticus | 250 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Tiger shark | Galeocerdo cuvier | 750 cm | Jun–Nov |
| Tope shark | Galeorhinus galeus | 193 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Trahira | Hoplias malabaricus | 65 cm | Year-round |
| Wahoo | Acanthocybium solandri | 250 cm | Mar–Aug |
| White mullet | Mugil curema | 91 cm | Year-round |
| White trevally | Pseudocaranx dentex | 122 cm | Year-round |
| Wreckfish | Polyprion americanus | 210 cm | Mar–Nov |
| Xingu peacock bass | Cichla melaniae | 36 cm | May–Sep |
| Yellow peacock bass | Cichla kelberi | 58.5 cm | May–Dec |
| Yellowfin tuna | Thunnus albacares | 239 cm | Jun–Aug |
| Yellowtail amberjack | Seriola lalandi | 250 cm | Mar–Aug |
| Yellowtail snapper | Ocyurus chrysurus | 86 cm | Mar–Nov |